CopA3¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÇǺΠ¿°Áõ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. »êÈÁú¼Ò¿Í cytokineÀÇ »ý»êÀº ¸é¿ª¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀο°ÁõÀÎÀÚÀÌ´Ù. ¼¼Æ÷´Â LPS ó¸® ÈÄ ÇÑ ½Ã°£ µÚ¿¡ CopA3¸¦ ó¸®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¼¼Æ÷ µ¶¼ºÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö ¾Ê´Â ³óµµÀÎ 5, 25, 50, 100 ¥ìg/ml¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. CopA3´Â NO, TNF-¥á, IL-1¥â, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2ÀÇ »ý¼ºÀ» ÀúÇØ ½ÃÄ×´Ù. iNOS¿Í COX-2 ¿ª½Ã 100 ¥ìg/mlÀÇ ³óµµ¿¡¼ °¢°¢ 54%, 65%°¡ ÀúÇØ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ CopA3´Â ¿°Áõ¼º »çÀÌÅä Ä«ÀÎÀÎ TNF-¥á, IL-1¥â, IL-6ÀÇ »ý¼ºÀ» °¨¼Ò ½ÃÄ×´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °á°ú·Î CopA3´Â ¿°Áõ ¿¹¹æ°ú Ä¡·á¿¡ È¿°úÀûÀÓÀ» È®ÀÎ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
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¿°Áõ ¹ÝÀÀÀº »ýü³ª Á¶Á÷¿¡ ¹°¸®Àû ÀÛ¿ëÀ̳ª ÈÇÐÀû ¹°Áú, ¼¼±Õ °¨¿° µîÀÇ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ±âÁúÀû º¯È¸¦ °¡Á®¿À´Â ħ½ÀÀÌ °¡ÇØÁú ¶§ ±× ¼Õ»ó ºÎÀ§¸¦ ¼öº¹ Àç»ýÇÏ·Á´Â ±âÀüÀ̸ç[8], ¿°Áõ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» À¯¹ß½ÃÅ°´Â ¸Å°³ ¹°Áú·Î È°¼º»ê¼Ò(free radicals), »êÈÁú¼Ò(nitric oxide, NO), prostaglandin µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù[24]. ÀÏ´Ü ÀÚ±ØÀÌ
°¡ÇØÁö¸é ±¹¼ÒÀûÀ¸·Î ¿°Áõ¼º ¼ººÐ°ú °°Àº Ç÷°ü È°¼º ¹°ÁúÀÌ À¯¸®µÇ¾î Ç÷°ü Åõ°ú¼ºÀÌ Áõ´ëµÇ¸é¼ ¿°ÁõÀ» À¯¹ßÇÏÁö¸¸ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¿°Áõ¹ÝÀÀÀº µµ¸®¾î Á¡¸·¼Õ»óÀ» ÃËÁøÇÏ°í, ±× °á°ú ÀϺο¡¼´Â ¿©·¯ ÁúȯÀ» ¹ß»ý½ÃÅ°´Â ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÈ´Ù[22]. ´ë½Ä¼¼Æ÷´Â ¼±Ãµ¸é¿ª»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ȹµæ¸é¿ª µî ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼÷ÁÖ¹ÝÀÀ¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÏ¿© Ç×»ó¼º À¯Áö¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿°Áõ¹ÝÀÀ½Ã¿¡´Â nitric oxide (NO)¿Í cytokineÀ» »ý»êÇÏ¿© °¨¿°Ãʱ⿡ »ýü¹æ¾î¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù[7]. NOÀÇ ÇÕ¼º È¿¼Ò´Â eNOS,
nNOS, iNOS°¡ Àִµ¥, ÀÌ Áß iNOS´Â Ä®½·ÀÇ ³óµµ¿¡ »ó°ü¾øÀÌ ´ë½Ä¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼ TNF-¥á, IL-1¥â, IFN-¥ã¿Í °°Àº ¿°Áõ¼º Àڱؿ¡ ÀÇÇØ À¯µµµÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ³À¸¸ç, ƯÈ÷ LPS 󸮽à ´Ù·® »ý¼ºµÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ³´Ù. TNF-¥á´Â ¿°Áõ°ú ¸é¿ª¹ÝÀÀÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ¸Å°³¹°ÁúÀ̸ç, ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ¼ºÀå°ú ºÐȸ¦ Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ³´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷¿¡ µ¶¼ºÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°°í, Ç÷°ü Çü¼º, °ñ Èí¼ö, Ç÷Àü »ý¼ºÀ» ÃËÁøÇÏ°í lipogenetic ´ë»ç¸¦ ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ³´Ù[1].
°ïÃæÀº µ¿¹°±º Áß¿¡¼ °¡Àå ¸¹Àº »ý¹°±ºÀ¸·Î¼, Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î 180¸¸ Á¾ÀÌ ¼½ÄÇÏ°í ÀÖ°í, ¿ì¸®³ª¶ó¿¡¼¸¸ 1¸¸ 2õ Á¾À̳ª ¼½ÄÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. °ïÃæÀº »ý¹° ´Ù¾ç¼ºÀÌ ¸Å¿ì dzºÎÇϸç, ȯ°æ¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ÀÌ °ïÃæÀÇ ´Ù¾ç¼ºÀÌ °áÁ¤µÇ°í ÀÌ¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö °ïÃæ À¯·¡ÀÇ »ý¸®È°¼º ¹°ÁúÀÇ ¾ç°ú ÁúÀÌ ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô º¯ÈµÈ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â »õ·Î¿î ±â´É¼ºÀ» °®´Â ¾à¿ë°ïÃæ À» ¹ß°ß, »ó¿ëÈ, »çÀ°È, º¸±ÞÈ ÇÔÀ¸·Î¼ ³ó°¡ÀÇ ¼öÀÍÀ» º¸ÀåÇÏ°í »õ·Î¿î ½ÄÀǾàÇ°À¸·Î °³¹ßÀÌ È°¹ßÈ÷ ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â Ãß¼¼
ÀÌ´Ù[17, 18].
¼Ò¶Ë±¸¸®·ù´Â ¸ñÃÊÁö¿¡¼ ¿ìºÐÀ» ÁöÇÏ·Î ¿î¹ÝÇÏ´Â ÀÛ¿ëÀ» Çϸç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ìºÐÀ» ¹ß»ý¿øÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿© Æĸ®ÀÇ ¹ß»ý ¾ïÁ¦, Åä¾çÀÇ ºñ¿ÁÈ¿Í ¹°¸®¼º °³¼±, ¿ìºÐ°ú ÇÔ²² ¹è¼³µÈ °¡Ãà³»ºÎ±â»ýÃæ ¹æÁ¦ µîÀÇ È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖ´Ù[2, 3]. ¶ÇÇÑ ¼Ò¶Ë±¸¸®°¡ È°µ¿ÇÑ Åä¾çºÐ»êºÐ¼®(analysis of variance, ANOVA) ÈÄ tukey test·Î ´ÙÁߺñ±³¸¦ ½Ç½ÃÇÏ¿´´Ù.
°á°ú ¹× °íÂû
Raw 264.7 cell¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¶¼º
¸¶¿ì½º ´ë½Ä¼¼Æ÷ÀÎ Raw 264.7 cell¿¡ ´ëÇÑ CopA3ÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷µ¶¼ºÀ» È®ÀÎÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© MTT assay¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù. CopA3¸¦ 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 500 ¥ìg/ml ³óµµ·Î 24½Ã°£ µ¿¾È ó¸®ÇÑ °á°ú 100 ¥ìg/mlÀÇ ³óµµ±îÁö´Â µ¶¼ºÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, 500 ¥ìg/mlÀÇ ³óµµ¿¡¼´Â ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ »ýÁ¸À²À» 95% °¨¼Ò ½ÃÄ×´Ù(Fig. 1). CopA3´Â 100 ¥ìg/ml ÀÌÇÏÀÇ ³óµµ¿¡¼´Â ¼¼Æ÷µ¶¼ºÀÌ ³·¾Æ ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ »ýÁ¸À²¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Áï, CopA3ÀÇ Ç׿°Áõ È¿°ú°¡ ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ »ç¸ê¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷ ¿°Áõ¼º ¸Å°³¹°ÁúÀÇ »ý¼º¾ïÁ¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó CopA3ÀÇ °íÀ¯ÇÑ È¿°ú¶ó´Â Á¡À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.
Fig. 1. Cell viability of CopA3 on Raw 264.7 cell. Raw 264.7
cells were treated with 5,10, 25, 50, 100, 500 ¥ìg/ml of
CopA3 dissolved in media for 1 hr prior to the addition
of LPS (1 ¥ìg/ml), and the cells were further incubated
for 24 hr. Data represent the mean¡¾S.D. with eight separate
experiments. Data represent the mean¡¾S.D. with
three separate experiments.
Nitric oxide (NO) »ý¼º¾ïÁ¦ È¿°ú
NO´Â ü³» ¹æ¾î±â´É, ½ÅÈ£Àü´Þ ±â´É, ½Å°æµ¶¼º, Ç÷°ü È®Àå µîÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ »ý¸®±â´ÉÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, 3Á¾·ùÀÇ NOS (neuronal NO synthase (nNOS), endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), inducible NO synthase (iNOS))¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÇÕ¼ºµÈ´Ù. À̵é NOS Áß iNOS¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ NO »ý¼ºÀÌ Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¹À¸¸ç ÀÌ´Â º´¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÇÑ´Ù[23]. LPS Àڱؿ¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹ßÇöµÈ iNOS´Â ¸¹Àº ¾çÀÇ NO¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸ç, ÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷µ¶¼ºÀº ¿°Áõ¹ÝÀÀ, ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ µ¹¿¬º¯ÀÌ ¹× Á¾¾ç¹ß»ý µî¿¡µµ °ü¿©ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ¿°Áõ¹ÝÀÀ°ú °ü·ÃµÈ Á¶Á÷ ¼Õ»ó¿¡¼ NO¿Í iNOSÀÇ ¹ßÇöÀÌ Áõ°¡µÇ¾î ÀÖÀ½ÀÌ º¸°íµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù[15, 16, 21].
NO»ý¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ CopA3ÀÇ È¿°ú¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æº¸¾Ò´Ù. »ý¼ºµÈ NO¾çÀ» griess ½Ã¾àÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¼¼Æ÷¹è¾ç¾× Áß¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â NO2ÀÇ ÇüÅ·ΠÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±× °á°ú Raw 264.7 cell¿¡ LPS¸¦ ó¸®ÇÑ ÈÄ CopA3¸¦ ó¸®ÇÑ NO »ý¼º·®ÀÇ º¯È´Â Fig. 2¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³»¾ú´Ù. LPS ó¸® ÈÄ NO »ý¼º·®Àº Á¤»ó¼¼Æ÷¿¡ ºñÇÏ¿© ¾à 4¹è ÀÌ»ó Áõ°¡µÇ¾ú´Ù. CopA3´Â 50 ¥ìg/mlÀÇ 35% ÀÌ»óÀÇ °¨¼ÒÀ²À» ³ªÅ¸³»¾úÀ¸¸ç, 100 ¥ìg/mlÀÇ ³óµµ¿¡¼´Â 80% ÀÌ»óÀÇ NO »ý¼º ÀúÇظ¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
Fig. 2. Inhibitory effects of CopA3 on the production of nitric
oxide Raw 264.7 cells. Raw 264.7 cells were cultured
with LPS (1 ¥ìg/ml) in the presence or absence of CopA3
for 24 hr to determine the level of NO. Nor: LPS not
induced group, Con: LPS induced group. The data represent
the mean¡¾SD of three separate experiments
(significant as compared to control. *p<0.05).
Ç×±ÕÈ°¼º½ÇÇè¿¡ ¾²ÀÎ ¹Ì»ý¹°Àº Staphylococcus aureus(Ȳ»öÆ÷µµ»ó±¸±Õ), Staphylococcus epidermidis(ÇǺλóÀç±Õ), Escherichia coli(´ëÀå±Õ), Propionibacterium acnes(¿©µå¸§¿øÀαÕ), Streptococcus mutans(ÃæÄ¡¿øÀαÕ), Pityrosporum ovale(ºñµëÀ¯¹ß±Õ), Candida albicans (ĵð´ÙÁõ±Õ)µî ÃÑ 7°¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù. Æò°¡¹æ¹ýÀº µð½ºÅ©È®»ê¹ý(Disk paper diffusion)À» ½ÃÇàÇÏ¿© Clear zoneÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Ç×±ÕÈ°¼ºÀ» Æò°¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
TNF-¥á, IL-1¥â, IL-6 »ý¼º ¾ïÁ¦ È¿°ú
´ë½Ä¼¼Æ÷´Â µ¿¹° ü³» ¸ðµç Á¶Á÷¿¡¼ ºÐÆ÷ÇÏ´Â ¸é¿ª¼¼Æ÷·Î¼ ¼¼±ÕÀ̳ª À̹°ÁúÀ» Ž½Ä Á¦°ÅÇϸç, IL-1¥â, IL-6, TNF-¥á µîÀÇ ¿°Áõ ¸Å°³ ¹°ÁúµéÀ» ºÐºñÇÏ¿© Ãʱ⠿°Áõ ¹ÝÀÀ¿¡ ÁÖ¿ä ¿ªÇÒÀ» ´ã´ç ÇÑ´Ù[7, 13]. ƯÈ÷, TNF-¥á´Â ¿°Áõ¹ÝÀÀ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çϸç macrophage¿Í mast cell µî¿¡¼ ºÐºñµÇ¸ç, LPS¹ÝÀÀÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ¸Å°³Ã¼·Î¼ ³»Àç¸é¿ª¿¡ À־µ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ¸ç ¸¸¼º ¿°Áõ ¹ÝÀÀ°úµµ °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù[14]. IL-1¥â´Â T-cellÀÇ È°¼ºÈ, B-cellÀÇ ¼º¼÷, NK cellÀÇ activity¸¦ È°¼ºÈ Çϸç, IL-6 ´Â ¸²ÇÁ±¸¸¦ È°¼ºÈ½ÃÄÑ Ç×ü»ý»êÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, IL-6ÀÇ levelÀº ¿°Áõ¼º º´º¯¿¡¼ Ç×»ó Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù[4]. º» ½ÇÇè¿¡¼ LPS´Â TNF-¥á, IL-1¥â, IL-6ÀÇ »ý¼ºÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃÄ×Áö¸¸ CopA3 ó¸®ÇÑ °á°ú TNF-¥á´Â 60% »ý¼º ¾ïÁ¦¸¦ IL-1 ¥â, IL-6´Â °¢°¢ 50 ¥ìg/mlÀÇ ³óµµ¿¡¼ 50%, 55%ÀÇ »ý¼º ¾ïÁ¦ È¿°ú¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»¾ú´Ù(Fig. 3). ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î LPS´Â macrophage¿¡ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ¿© TNF-¥á, IL-1¥â, IL-6ÀÇ »ý¼º ºÐºñ¸¦ ÃËÁø½ÃÄÑ ¿°Áõ¹Ý ÀÀÀ» À¯µµÇÏÁö¸¸ CopA3´Â ÀÌ ¼¼ °¡ÁöÀÇ cytokineÀ» À¯ÀǼº ÀÖ°Ô ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Fig. 3. Effect of CopA3 on the production of cytokines stimulated by
LPS. Production of TNF-¥á (a) IL-6 (b), IL-1¥â (c) were measured
in the medium of Raw 264.7 cells cultured with LPS (1 ¥ìg/ml)
in the presence or absence of CopA3 for 24 hr. The amount
of TNF-¥á was measured by immunoassay as described in materials
and methods. Nor: LPS not induced group, Con: LPS
induced group. Data represent the mean¡¾S.D. with three separate
experiments. One-way ANOVA was used for comparisons
of multiple group means followed by t-test (significant
as compared to control. *p<0.05, **p<0.01).
iNOS, COX-2ÀÇ ´Ü¹éÁú ¹ßÇö ÀúÇØ È¿°ú
iNOS´Â Æò¼Ò¿¡´Â ¼¼Æ÷ ³»¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸³ª ÀÏ´Ü À¯µµµÇ¸é Àå½Ã°£ µ¿¾È ´Ù·®ÀÇ NO¸¦ »ý¼ºÇϸç, »ý¼ºµÈ NO´Â Ç÷°üÅõ°ú¼º, ºÎÁ¾ µîÀÇ ¿°Áõ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ÃËÁø½Ãų »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿°Áõ¸Å°³Ã¼ÀÇ »ýÇÕ¼ºÀ» ÃËÁøÇÏ¿© ¿°ÁõÀ» ½ÉȽÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù[12, 20]. NOÀÇ »ý¼º¿¡´Â NO synthase (NOS)°¡ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Âµ¥, constitutive NO synthase (cNOS)¿Í iNOS Áß Àڱؿ¡ À¯µµµÈ iNOSÀÇ °æ¿ì ¿À·£ ±â°£ µ¿¾È ´Ù·®ÀÇ NO¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÏ°í, »ý¼ºµÈ NO´Â guanyl cyclaseÀÇ È°¼º°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¼¼Æ÷µ¶¼ºÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»°Ô µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ NO·Î À¯µµ µÇ¾îÁø RAW 264.7 cell¿¡¼ iNOSÀÇ protein levelÀÇ °¨¼Ò¸¦ È®ÀÎÀ¸·Î¼ Ç׿°Áõ È¿°ú¸¦ ±â´ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷¿Í °°Àº macrophage µû¸¥ monocyte¿¡¼ TNF-¥á, IL-6 ¿Í °°Àº proinflammatory cytokineÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°´Â ¿äÀÎ Áß ÇϳªÀÎ COX-2ÀÇ protein levelÀÇ °¨¼Ò¸¦ À̲ø¾î ³¿À¸·Î¼ Ç׿°Áõ È¿°ú¸¦ ±â´ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù[19]. CopA3¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ NO »ý¼º ÀúÇØ ±âÀüÀ» È®ÀÎÇϱâ À§ÇØ western blotÀ» ½Ç½ÃÇÏ¿© iNOSÀÇ ´Ü¹éÁú ¹ßÇöÀ» ÃøÁ¤ ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, western blotÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© COX-2ÀÇ ¹ßÇöÀ» ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±× °á°ú LPS¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Áõ°¡µÈ iNOS¿Í COX-2ÀÇ ´Ü¹éÁú ¹ßÇö·®ÀÌ ³óµµ ÀÇÁ¸ÀûÀ¸·Î À¯ÀǼº ÀÖ°Ô °¨¼ÒµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¥â-actinÀÇ band density ºñÀ²¿¡ µû¶ó iNOS ´Ü¹éÁú »ý¼ºÀ» 41%¿Í COX-2ÀÇ ´Ü¹éÁú ¹ßÇöÀ» 56% ÀúÇØÇÔÀ» È®ÀÎ ÇÏ¿´´Ù(Fig. 4). À̸¦ ÅëÇØ CopA3´Â iNOS, COX-2 ÀÇ »ý¼ºÀ» ÀúÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
Fig. 4. Inhibitory effects of CopA3 on the protein levels of iNOS and COX-2 in Raw 264.7 cells. Raw 264.7 cells (5x105 cells/ml)
were pre-incubated for 24 hr, and the cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (1 ¥ìg/ml) in the presence of complex
extracts sample (5, 25, 50, 100 ¥ìg/ml) for 24 hr. Nor: LPS not induced group, Con: LPS induced group. Data represent
the mean¡¾S.D. with three separate experiments. One-way ANOVA was used for comparisons of multiple group means followed
by t-test (significant as compared to control. *p<0.05, **p<0.01).
°¨»çÀÇ ±Û
º» ³í¹®Àº ³óÃÌÁøÈïû µ¿¹°À¯ÀüüÀ°Á¾»ç¾÷ÀÇ ÀÏȯÀ¸·Î ¼öÇàµÈ ¿¬±¸°á°úÀÇ ÀϺÎÀ̸ç ÀÌ¿¡ ±íÀº °¨»ç¸¦ µå¸³´Ï´Ù.
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